In addition to cultural capital, as historian James Anderson argues, these families often paid a “black tax” or a double tax because they had to pay local taxes and use their own funds to support their own underfunded black schools. In these often one-room schools, parents worked with teachers to maintain the physical structures while also supporting cultural events and athletic programs.
Franklin describes as cultural capital or non-financial assets to better the conditions of their schools. In an effort to alleviate these conditions, African American parents and educators relied upon what historian V. Ferguson in 1896, white southern leaders questioned the need for the continuance of African American education and segregated schools remained unequally funded. While this case led to the growth of the modern civil rights movement and the expansion of educational opportunities for children apart from race, such as those with special needs, its complex history also reflects our nation’s difficulties in overcoming systemic racism and class discrimination.Īs Jim Crow segregation became the law of the land after Plessy v. Whether one supported or opposed the Brown decision, it would have a profound impact on the direction of the nation’s educational system that transcends its original intent. As some Americans celebrated this important ruling and its impact on democracy, their early belief in Brown’s power to eliminate racial inequities in the public schools now reflects a hopeful naiveté and the beginning of a decades-long struggle to fulfill its promise. Board of Education of Topeka decision that racial segregation in the public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment, it sparked national reactions ranging from elation to rage. On May 17, 1954, when the Supreme Court ruled in the Brown v. Courtesy Library of Congress The Troubled History of American Education after the Brown Decision Sonya Ramsey
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